00412nas a2200097   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001000238100001900248856004700267       2007                        eng d00aBiology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)0 aBiology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato tor  a1-2501 aChaboo, C., S.  uhttps://cephaloleia.myspecies.info/node/1602400nas a2200205   4500008004100000245014800041210006900189300001200258490000800270520174100278653001202019653001802031653001802049653001402067653000902081653001902090100001802109700002002127856004702147       2007                        eng d00aThe adaptive value of young leaves being tightly folded or rolled on monocotyledons in tropical lowland rain forest: an hypothesis in two parts0 aadaptive value of young leaves being tightly folded or rolled on  a317-3270 v1923 aIn tropical lowland rain forest, we find that species with the leaves tightly folded or rolled until they reach at least 50% of final length occur in 10 of the 15 monocot families with > 100 species, and in 12 of the 24 monocot families with < 100 species, but in only seven of the 212 dicot families (eudicots and magnoliids). Earlier researchers have described how examples of tightly folded and rolled leaves develop, but most have not considered the potentially adaptive value of this pattern of growth. We hypothesize that it is a protection against herbivorous invertebrates. For tropical and temperate dicots, the young leaves have been found to suffer much smaller losses to herbivores while folded and rolled than after they are unfolded or unrolled. Being folded or rolled until a late stage involves an ’opportunity cost’ in the loss of photosynthesis. Among dicots, defences involving such a cost (notably late development of photosynthetic systems in pendent soft young leaves) are typical of shade-tolerant species, which have longer-lived leaves than light-demanders. In contrast, among monocots late folding and rolling are found in both shade-tolerators and light-demanders. We hypothesize that late folding and rolling bring a net advantage to monocots in general, whether shade-tolerant or light-demanding, despite the opportunity cost, because they mostly have fewer leaves per plant of a given size, and therefore an individual leaf is relatively more valuable to the plant. As a coda, we suggest that the ’sleep movements’ of some tropical plants, and the circinate vernation of ferns and some cycads, provide protection against invertebrate herbivores through the apposition of two or more layers of leaf.10aBEETLES10aChrysomelidae10aCYCLANTHACEAE10aherbivory10aLEAF10aPLANT DEFENSES1 aGrubb, P., J.1 aJackson, R., V.  uhttps://cephaloleia.myspecies.info/node/1701668nas a2200133   4500008004100000245007500041210006900116300001400185490000800199520105200207653020801259100002001467856004701487       2007                        eng d00aThe impact of herbivore-plant coevolution on plant community structure0 aimpact of herbivoreplant coevolution on plant community structur  a7483-74880 v1043 aCoevolutionary theory proposes that the diversity of chemical structures found in plants is, in large part, the result of selection by herbivores. Because herbivores often feed on chemically similar plants, they should impose selective pressures on plants to diverge chemically or bias community assembly toward chemical divergence. Using a coevolved interaction between a group of chrysomelid beetles and their host plants, I tested whether coexisting plants of the Mexican tropical dry forest tend to be chemically more dissimilar than random. Results show that some of the communities are chemically overdispersed and that overclispersion is related to the tightness of the interaction between plants and herbivores and the spatial scale at which communities are measured. As coevolutionary specialization increases and spatial scale decreases, communities tend to be more chemically dissimilar. At fairly local scales and where herbivores have tight one-to-one interactions with plants, communities have a strong pattern of chemical disparity.10aherbivore specialization insect-herbivore interaction plant chemical diversity mexican bursera burseraceae squirt-gun defense tropical forests displacement butterflies metabolism evolution beetles trends1 aBecerra, J., X.  uhttps://cephaloleia.myspecies.info/node/1800548nas a2200145   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176300003700245490000600282100002100288700001200309700001500321700001900336856004700355       2007                        eng d00aRecalibrated tree of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores0 aRecalibrated tree of leaf beetles Chrysomelidae indicates indepe  adoi:10.1371/journal.pone.00003600 v21 aGómez-Zurita, J1 aHunt, T1 aKopliku, F1 aVogler, A., P.  uhttps://cephaloleia.myspecies.info/node/19